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1 associative medium
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2 associative medium
The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > associative medium
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3 medium
1) среда2) среда (для) передачи данных; среда (для) передачи информации3) окружающая среда; окружение; обстановка4) носитель данных; носитель информации5) средство (массовой) информации; средство (массовой) коммуникации6) средство; способ7) середина; промежуточное положение || средний; промежуточный•- amplifying medium
- artificial medium
- artificial dielectric medium
- associative medium
- bigyrotropic medium
- birefringent medium
- bubble medium
- color medium
- communication medium
- computer storage medium
- data medium
- delay medium
- digital storage medium
- dispersive medium
- dissipative medium
- ducting medium
- electrooptic medium
- fading medium
- ferroelectric medium
- gyroelectric medium
- gyromagnetic medium
- gyrotropic medium
- heterogeneous medium
- homogeneous medium
- information medium
- information-carrying medium
- lens medium
- lenslike medium
- loss-free medium
- lossless medium
- lossy medium
- low-permittivity medium
- magnetic medium
- magnetic-recording medium
- metal-dielectric medium
- metal-disk medium
- metal-plate medium
- metal-sphere medium
- metal-tube medium
- nonreciprocal medium
- nonuniform medium
- nonvolatile medium
- optical medium
- packing medium
- parallel-plate medium
- patterned medium
- photoconductive medium
- photorefractive medium
- physical medium
- powdered recording medium
- propagation medium
- radar-absorbing medium
- reciprocal medium
- record medium
- recording medium
- removable medium
- reversible storage medium
- scattering medium
- space-dispersive medium
- space-time periodic medium
- space-varying medium
- storage medium
- thermoplastic medium
- time-dispersive medium
- time-invariant medium
- time-varying medium
- transfer medium
- translucent medium
- transmission medium
- transparent medium
- two-dimensional lattice medium
- uniform medium
- volatile medium -
4 medium
1) среда2) среда (для) передачи данных; среда (для) передачи информации3) окружающая среда; окружение; обстановка4) носитель данных; носитель информации5) средство (массовой) информации; средство (массовой) коммуникации6) средство; способ7) середина; промежуточное положение || средний; промежуточный•- amplifying medium
- artificial dielectric medium
- artificial medium
- associative medium
- bigyrotropic medium
- birefringent medium
- bubble medium
- color medium
- communication medium
- computer storage medium
- data medium
- delay medium
- digital storage medium
- dispersive medium
- dissipative medium
- ducting medium
- electrooptic medium
- fading medium
- ferroelectric medium
- gyroelectric medium
- gyromagnetic medium
- gyrotropic medium
- heterogeneous medium
- homogeneous medium
- information medium
- information-carrying medium
- lens medium
- lenslike medium
- loss-free medium
- lossless medium
- lossy medium
- low-permittivity medium
- magnetic medium
- magnetic-recording medium
- metal-dielectric medium
- metal-disk medium
- metal-plate medium
- metal-sphere medium
- metal-tube medium
- nonreciprocal medium
- nonuniform medium
- nonvolatile medium
- optical medium
- packing medium
- parallel-plate medium
- patterned medium
- photoconductive medium
- photorefractive medium
- physical medium
- powdered recording medium
- propagation medium
- radar-absorbing medium
- reciprocal medium
- record medium
- recording medium
- removable medium
- reversible storage medium
- scattering medium
- space-dispersive medium
- space-time periodic medium
- space-varying medium
- storage medium
- thermoplastic medium
- time-dispersive medium
- time-invariant medium
- time-varying medium
- transfer medium
- translucent medium
- transmission medium
- transparent medium
- two-dimensional lattice medium
- uniform medium
- volatile mediumThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > medium
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5 memory
- use up almost all of memory- acoustic memory
- active memory
- activity memory
- add-in memory
- add-on memory
- addressable memory
- addressed memory
- address-map memory
- adequate memory
- analog memory
- annex memory
- artificial memory
- associative memory
- auxiliary memory
- available memory
- backing memory
- beam-addressable memory
- bipolar memory
- bit-organized memory
- block-oriented memory
- bootstrap memory
- braid memory
- braided-wire memory
- bubble memory
- buffer memory
- bulk memory
- byte-organized memory
- byte-wide memory
- cache memory
- capacitor memory
- card memory
- carousel memory
- carrousel memory
- cassette memory
- catalog memory
- cathode-ray tube memory
- cathode-ray memory
- central memory
- character format memory
- character-organized memory
- charge-coupled device memory
- charge-storage memory
- chemical memory
- circulating memory
- C-MOS memory
- color-coded memory
- common memory
- computer memory
- content addressed memory
- content-addressable memory
- continuous sheet memory
- control memory
- conventional memory
- core memory
- cryoelectric memory
- cryogenic continuous film memory
- cryogenic memory
- cryosar memory
- cryotron memory
- current-access memory
- cyclic memory
- cylindrical magnetic film memory
- cylindrical film memory
- cylindrical domain memory
- data addressed memory
- data memory
- dedicated memory
- delay-line memory
- delay memory
- demand-paged memory
- destructive read-out memory
- destructive memory
- destructive readout memory
- dicap memory
- direct access memory
- direct addressable memory
- disk memory
- display-list memory
- distributed logic memory
- distributed memory
- domain memory
- domain-tip memory
- DOS memory
- DOT memory
- DRO memory
- dual port memory
- dual-ported memory
- duplex memory
- dynamic memory
- eddy-card memory
- electrically alterable read-only memory
- electrostatic memory
- energy-conscious memory
- expanded memory
- external cache memory
- external memory
- fast memory
- fast-access memory
- ferrite core memory
- ferrite memory
- ferrite plate memory
- ferrite sheet memory
- ferroelectric memory
- fiber-optic memory
- field-access memory
- FIFO memory
- file memory
- film memory
- finite memory
- first-in first-out memory
- fixed memory
- fixed-head disk memory
- fixed-tag associative memory
- flip-flop memory
- floating-head disk memory
- floppy disk memory
- frame memory
- frame-buffer memory
- frequency memory
- fully associative memory
- fully interrogable associative memory
- general-purpose memory
- ghostable memory
- glitch memory
- global memory
- graphics memory
- head-per-track disk memory
- heap-allocated memory
- hierarchical memory
- high memory
- high-capacity memory
- high-density memory
- high-performance memory
- high-speed memory
- holographic memory
- honeycomb memory
- hybrid associative memory
- image memory
- immediate-access memory
- immediate memory
- inernal cache memory
- instantaneous memory
- insufficient memory
- integrated circuit memory
- intelligent memory
- interleaved memory
- intermediate memory
- intermediate storage memory
- internal memory
- keystroke memory
- large-capacity memory
- large memory
- laser memory
- laser-addressed memory
- least frequently used memory
- least recently used memory
- LFU memory
- linkage memory
- local memory
- logic-in memory
- long-access memory
- long-term memory
- long-time memory
- low memory
- low-capacity memory
- LRU memory
- magnetic bubble domain memory
- magnetic card memory
- magnetic core memory
- magnetic disk memory
- magnetic drum memory
- magnetic film memory
- magnetic memory
- magnetic plate memory
- magnetic rod memory
- magnetic strip memory
- magnetic tape memory
- magnetooptic memory
- mainframe memory
- main memory
- MAS memory
- massive memory
- mass memory
- matrix memory
- medium-capacity memory
- medium-speed access memory
- megabit memory
- memory shortage
- memory stack
- memory upgrade
- memory width
- metal-alumina-semiconductor memory
- metal-oxide-semiconductor memory
- microassociative memory
- microinstruction memory
- microprogram memory
- MNOS memory
- modular memory
- MOS memory
- MOS transistor memory
- movable-head disk memory
- multibank memory
- multibit-per-pixel display memory
- multidrive disk memory
- multiple-coincidence magnetic memory
- multiple-fixed tag associative memory
- multiport memory
- name memory
- n-channel MOS memory
- NDRO memory
- nesting memory
- nonaddressable memory
- nondestructive readout memory
- nondestructive memory
- nonvolatile memory
- no-wait memory
- no-wait-state memory
- N-wire memory
- off-chip memory
- off-screen memory
- on-board memory
- on-chip memory
- one-level memory
- optical memory
- optically accessed memory
- optically read memory
- optoelectronic memory
- orthogonal memory
- out of memory
- overlay memory
- page memory
- paged memory
- parallel memory
- parallel-access memory
- parallel-by-bit parallel-by-word associative memory
- parallel-search memory
- partial tag memory
- patch memory
- peripheral memory
- permanent memory
- persistent current memory
- phantom memory
- phased memory
- photoelectric memory
- photo-optic memory
- piggyback memory
- plant's memory
- plated-wire memory
- primary memory
- private memory
- program memory
- programmable read-only memory
- protected memory
- pseudostatic memory
- push-down memory
- quick-access memory
- R/W memory
- random-access memory
- rapid memory
- rapid-access memory
- rapid-random-access memory
- read/write memory
- read-mostly memory
- read-only memory
- real memory
- redial memory
- refresh memory
- regenerative memory - reprogrammable memory
- rotating memory
- rule memory
- Schottky bipolar memory
- scratch-pad memory
- screen memory
- search memory
- secondary memory
- secure memory
- segmentable memory
- segmented memory
- semiconductor memory
- semipermanent memory
- semirandom-access memory
- sequential access memory
- serial memory
- serial-access memory
- shareable memory
- shared memory
- sheet memory
- short-access memory
- short-term memory
- short-time memory
- slave memory
- slow memory
- small memory
- small-capacity memory
- smart memory
- special-purpose memory
- speech memory
- stable memory
- staged memory
- static memory
- static n-channel MOS memory
- structure memory
- superconducting memory
- switch memory
- symbol memory
- system configuration memory
- system memory
- table memory
- tag memory
- teaching memory
- tertiary memory
- text memory
- thermomagnetic writing memory
- thermooptic memory
- thin-film memory
- three-dimensional memory
- time-varying memory
- token memory
- trace memory
- translation memory
- tunnel-diode memory
- twistor memory
- two-dimensional memory
- two-dimensional word selection memory
- two-level memory
- ultrahigh-access memory
- ultraviolet erasable read-only memory
- unsecure memory
- user memory
- user-available memory
- variable-tag associative memory
- vector memory
- video memory
- virtual memory
- volatile memory
- word memory
- word-organized memory
- word-wide memory
- working memory
- woven plated-wire memory
- woven wire memory
- writable memory
- write-once memory
- write-protected memory
- zero-access memoryEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > memory
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6 computer
1) компьютер; вычислительная машина; ЭВМ; вычислительное устройство; вычислитель; редк. процессор2) редк. счётная машина (см. тж calculator, machine)•- adaptive computer
- airborne computer
- all-applications computer
- all-purpose computer
- alternating-current analog computer
- analog computer
- analog-digital computer
- arbitrary sequence computer
- associative computer
- asynchronous computer
- automotive computer
- baby-sized computer
- back-end computer
- batch-oriented computer
- battery-operated computer
- binary computer
- binary-transfer computer
- board computer
- boutique computer
- brand-name computer
- breadboard computer
- buffered computer
- business computer
- business-oriented computer
- byte computer
- byte-organized computer
- byte-oriented computer
- cassette-based computer
- census computer
- central computer
- character-oriented computer
- chemical-based computer
- chess computer
- CISC computer
- commercial computer
- commodity computer
- communication computer
- communications oriented computer
- compatible computer
- complete-instruction-set computer
- concurrent computer
- consecutive computer
- consecutive sequence computer
- continuously acting computer
- control computer
- control flow computer
- correlation computer
- coupled computers
- cryogenic computer
- cryotron computer
- custom computer
- database computer
- data-flow computer
- decimal computer
- dedicated computer
- desk computer
- desk-size computer
- desk-top computer
- dialing set computer
- dial set computer
- digital computer
- direct execution computer
- direct-analogy computer
- direct-current computer
- diskless computer
- distributed logic computer
- drum computer
- dual-processor computer
- education computer
- electromechanical analog computer
- electronic tube computer
- electron tube computer
- electronic computer
- end-user computer
- ever-faster computer
- externally programmed computer
- fault-tolerant computer
- fifth-generation computer
- file computer
- first-generation computer
- fixed word-length computer
- fixed-point computer
- fixed-program computer
- flat screen computer
- floating-point computer
- fluid computer
- four-address computer
- fourth-generation computer
- fractional computer
- front-end computer
- gateway computer
- general-purpose computer
- giant computer
- giant-powered computer
- giant-scale computer
- giant-size computer
- gigacycle computer
- gigahertz computer
- guidance computer
- handheld computer
- high-end computer
- high-function computer
- high-level language computer
- high-level computer
- highly parallel computer
- high-performance computer
- high-speed computer
- hobby computer
- home banking computer
- home computer
- host computer
- hybrid computer
- IBM-compatible computer
- IC computer
- incompatible computer
- incremental computer
- industrial computer
- integrated circuit computer
- interface computer
- interim computer
- intermediate computer
- internally programmed computer
- Internet computer
- keyboard computer
- kid computer
- laptop computer
- large computer
- large-powered computer
- large-scale computer
- large-scale integration circuit computer
- large-size computer
- laser computer
- linkage computer
- local computer
- logical computer
- logic computer
- logic-controlled sequential computer
- logic-in-memory computer
- low-end computer
- low-profile computer
- low-speed computer
- LSI computer
- mainframe computer
- massively parallel computer
- master computer
- mechanical computer
- medium computer
- medium-powered computer
- medium-size computer
- medium-speed computer
- medium-to-large scale computer
- mediun-scale computer
- megacycle computer
- megahertz computer
- microprogrammable computer
- microwave computer
- mid-range computer
- molecular computer
- monoprocessor computer
- multiaddress computer
- multi-MIPS computer
- multiple-access computer
- multiple-user computer
- multiprocessor computer
- multiprogrammed computer
- multipurpose computer
- multiradix computer
- navigation computer
- net node computer
- networked computer
- N-node computer
- no-address computer
- node computer
- nonsequential computer
- nonstop computer
- non-von Neumann computer
- notebook computer
- object computer
- office computer
- off-the-shelf computer
- one-address computer
- one-and-half-address computer
- one-on-one computer
- one-purpose computer
- optical computer
- optical path computer
- original computer
- palm-size computer - parallel-processing computer
- parallel-serial computer
- parametric-electronic computer
- parametron computer
- pen-based computer
- pentop computer
- perihperal support computer
- peripheral computer
- personal computer
- pictorial computer
- pipeline computer
- plugboard computer
- plug-compatible computer
- plugged program computer
- pneumatic computer
- pocket computer
- Polish-string computer
- polynomial computer
- portable computer
- process control computer
- production control computer
- professional computer
- professional personal computer
- program-compatible computer
- program-controlled computer
- programmed computer
- punch-card computer
- rack-size computer
- radix two computer
- real-time computer
- recovering computer
- reduced instruction set computer
- reduction computer
- remote computer
- repetitive computer
- RISC computer
- satellite computer
- scientific computer
- second-generation computer
- secondhand computer
- self-adapting computer
- self-organizing computer
- self-programming computer
- self-repairing computer
- self-repair computer
- sensor-based computer
- sequence-controlled computer
- sequenced computer
- sequential computer
- serial computer
- service computer
- service-oriented computer
- SIMD computer
- simultaneous-operation computer
- simultaneous computer
- single-address computer
- single-board computer
- single-purpose computer
- single-user computer
- slave computer
- small computer
- small-powered computer
- small-scale computer
- small-size computer
- soft-compatible computer
- solid-state computer
- SOS computer
- source computer
- space computer
- spaceborne computer
- special-purpose computer
- special computer
- square-root computer
- stack-oriented computer
- standby computer
- statistical computer
- steering computer
- stored-program computer
- subscriber computer
- super computer
- superconductive computer
- superhigh-speed computer
- superpersonal computer
- superspeed computer
- supervisory computer
- switch-control computer
- switching computer
- symbolic computer
- synchronous computer
- synchronous tracking computer
- tagged computer
- talking computer
- target computer
- technical computer
- technical personal computer
- terminal computer
- terminal control computer
- ternary-transfer computer
- tessellated computer
- thermal computer
- thin-film memory computer
- third-generation computer
- three-address computer
- three-dimensional analog computer
- timeshared computer
- top level computer
- top-of-the-line computer
- toy computer
- training computer
- transformation computer
- transistorized computer
- transistor computer
- translating computer
- tridimensional analog computer
- trip computer
- truth-table computer
- Turing-type computer
- two-address computer
- ultrafast computer
- underlying computer
- user computer
- vacuum tube computer
- variable word-length computer
- very-high-speed computer
- video-and-cassette-based computer
- virtual computer
- von Neumann computer
- wearable computer
- weather computer
- wired-program computer
- word-oriented computer
- workgroup computer
- X-computer
- zero-address computerEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > computer
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7 unit
1) единица, число 1 ( наименьшее положительное целое число)2) единица (физической) величины; единица измерения ( величины)3) элемент; компонент4) нейрон5) блок; узел; модуль; секция; звено6) прибор; устройство7) аппарат; установка•- unit under test
- abrasive-cleaning unit
- absolute units
- acknowledgement signal unit
- acoustic units
- allocation unit
- angle-tracking unit
- Ångström unit
- answer-back unit
- answering unit
- antenna coupler unit
- anticoincidence unit
- arbitrary unit
- arithmetic unit
- arithmetic and logic unit
- assembly unit
- associative unit
- attached unit
- audio processing unit
- audio-response unit
- automatic calling unit
- automatic lock-on unit
- automatic range tracking unit
- auxiliary power unit
- balanced-armature unit
- balancing unit
- base station unit
- base station control unit
- basic display unit
- basic measurement unit
- basic processing unit
- beam steering unit
- best matching unit
- bistable unit
- break-contact unit
- bubble unit
- bubble storage unit
- buffer unit
- bus interface unit
- camera control unit
- capacitor-resistor unit
- card punch unit
- card punching unit
- card-reader unit
- cassette unit
- central processing unit
- certificate signing unit
- CGS units
- changeover-contact unit
- channel unit
- channel service unit
- channel service unit/digital service unit
- chrominance unit
- clock unit
- cluster unit
- coefficient unit
- coil-spring reverberation unit
- coincidence unit
- communications control unit
- competitive unit
- computer interface unit
- connectionist unit
- control unit
- control-display unit
- converter unit
- conveyorized drying unit
- crosstalk unit
- curve scanning unit
- data unit
- data-acquisition unit
- data-adapter unit
- data-collection unit
- data encryption unit
- data-handling unit
- data transfer unit
- delay unit
- derived units
- developer unit
- dialing unit
- differentiating unit
- digital reverberation-echo unit
- digital service unit
- digital storage unit
- discrete unit
- disk unit
- display unit
- driver unit
- dual processing unit
- electron unit
- ENIGMA duration unit
- ENIGMA virtual page unit
- execution unit
- expansion unit
- experimental unit
- failed unit
- failure unit
- fixed-head disk unit
- floating-point processing unit
- forming unit
- frequency identification unit
- fuel-cell unit
- function unit
- fundamental units
- GeForce graphics processing unit
- geometrical unit
- graphics processing unit
- hidden unit
- hidden-layer unit
- Horner unit
- imaginary unit
- inductive energy storage unit
- inertial measurement unit
- information unit
- in-order retirement unit
- input unit
- input/output unit
- inquiry unit
- instruction unit
- instruction fetch unit
- integrating unit
- interface unit
- internetwork unit
- interrogating unit
- I/O control unit
- LAN access unit
- language unit
- line terminal unit
- logical unit
- magnetic-core storage unit
- magnetic tape unit
- mains unit
- make-contact unit
- matching unit
- matrix unit
- maximum transmission unit
- measurement unit
- medium attachment unit
- memory unit
- memory management unit
- microcontrol unit
- microprocessing unit
- microprocessor unit
- microprocessor control unit
- microprocessor-controlled unit
- microprogrammed unit
- MKS units
- mobile TV unit
- modular unit
- motor unit
- movable-head disk unit
- multiple unit
- multiplier unit
- multiply/accumulate unit
- multipoint control unit
- multistation access unit
- near-eye unit
- nerve unit
- network interface unit
- neural-like unit
- neuromotor unit
- numeric processing unit
- observation unit
- off-line unit
- on-line unit
- orderwire unit
- output unit
- paged memory management unit
- parallel arithmetic unit
- perceptual unit
- peripheral unit
- peripheral interface unit
- peripheral processing unit
- permanent storage unit
- piezoelectric-crystal unit
- pluggable unit
- plug-in unit
- processing unit
- processor unit
- producer's desk unit
- program-control unit
- protected data unit
- protocol data unit
- prototype unit
- quartz-crystal unit
- radio channel unit
- random-access storage unit
- reader unit
- read-write unit
- receptor unit
- recording unit
- register, arithmetic and logic unit
- reproducing unit
- reserve unit
- resistor-capacitor unit
- response unit
- reverberation unit
- sample unit
- sampling unit
- satellite delay compensation unit
- secure access unit
- secure telephone unit
- self-contained unit
- semantic unit
- sensory unit
- serial arithmetic unit
- service unit
- service protocol unit
- shaker unit
- SI units
- six-head tape-loop echo-reverberation unit
- slide unit
- spare unit
- standby unit
- start unit
- stop unit
- storage unit
- summing unit
- system processing unit
- tape unit
- telecine unit
- terminal unit
- terminal-control unit
- terminal-interchange unit
- time-base unit
- time processor unit
- timing unit
- traffic unit
- translation unit
- transmission control unit
- trichromatic unit
- tuning unit
- turntable unit
- ultimate sampling unit
- visual display unit
- voice-response unit
- volume unit
- winning unit
- wire-stripping unit
- word-processing unit
- writing unit -
8 machining
обработка, механическая обработка, механообработка, обработка резанием, обработка на металлорежущем станкеmachining all surfaces at a set — обработка всех поверхностей ( заготовки) с одного установа
machining from solid — обработка ( детали) из целого, обработка ( детали) из целого куска
machining from the solid — обработка ( детали) из целого, обработка ( детали) из целого куска
in machining — в обработке, при обработке
machining through all angles — обработка под любым углом, обработка изделий под любым углом
- 2 1/2-dimensional machiningmachining to close limits — обработка с жёсткими допусками; точная обработка
- 3D cavity machining
- 3D machining
- abrasive belt machining
- abrasive flow machining
- abrasive machining
- abrasive-electrochemical machining
- abrasive-waterjet machining
- adaptive controlled machining
- adaptive machining
- all-over machining
- angular machining
- anode-mechanical machining
- around-the-part machining
- associative machining
- automated machining
- automotive machining
- back end machining
- back-face machining
- balanced machining
- batch machining
- batch-lot machining
- beam machining
- bore machining
- CAM machining
- C-axis machining
- center machining
- chemical machining
- chip-type machining
- close tolerance machining
- closed loop machining
- CNC horizontal machining
- CNC machining
- CNC screw machining
- composite machining
- computer-controlled machining
- consistent machining
- constant power machining
- contact-initiated discharge machining
- contact-initiated machining
- continuous path machining
- contour machining
- contouring machining
- controlled machining
- conventional machining
- copy machining
- datum machining
- deephole machining
- diamond machining
- dual-spindle machining
- duplex machining
- duplicate machining
- edge machining
- electrical discharge machining
- electrical machining
- electrical spark machining
- electrochemical machining
- electroerosion abrasive machining
- electroerosion machining
- electrolytic abrasive machining
- electrolytic machining
- electron beam machining
- electron discharge machining
- electronic erosion machining
- electrophysical machining
- electrospark machining
- etch machining
- false machining
- fast laser machining
- feature-based machining
- final machining
- final tolerance machining
- finish machining
- finished machining
- five-axis CNC machining
- five-axis machining
- five-face machining
- five-sided machining
- fixed-axis machining
- flat abrasive machining
- flexible machining
- flow-line machining
- flowthru machining
- flush fine machining
- form-feature machining
- front-end machining
- gear machining
- generative machining
- group machining
- hard-part machining
- heavy machining
- heavy-duty machining
- high-accuracy machining
- high-definition finish machining
- high-efficiency machining
- high-production machining
- high-speed machining
- high-volume machining
- horizontal machining
- horizontal mode machining
- hot machining
- hydrodynamic machining
- inclined-plane machining
- in-cycle machining
- industrial laser machining
- in-place machining
- interference-free machining
- intol/outtol machining
- ion beam machining
- jet-assisted machining
- job shop machining
- laser machining
- laser-assisted machining
- laser-beam machining
- lathe machining
- LH machining
- light-duty machining
- lights-out machining
- magnetic abrasive machining
- manual machining
- medium-duty machining
- minimum-manned machining
- mirror image machining
- multiaccess machining
- multiaxis machining
- multicell machining
- multiface machining
- multilateral machining
- multimachine machining
- multiple machining
- multiple setup machining
- multiple surface flow-line machining
- multiple-axis machining
- multiple-cutter machining
- multiple-electrode electrical discharge machining
- multiple-pass machining
- multiple-source laser machining
- multiple-workpiece machining
- multiplunge machining
- multipurpose machining
- multistage machining
- NC machining
- NF machining
- no-handwork machining
- nonturning machining
- numerical control machining
- numerically controlled machining
- off-center machining
- one-hit machining
- one-operation machining
- one-pass machining
- one-stop machining and grinding
- on-line machining
- parabolic machining
- parallel machining
- partially manned machining
- photochemical machining
- photon beam machining
- photonic machining
- pick feed traverse machining
- plasma-arc machining
- plasma-assisted machining
- plunge machining
- point-to-point machining
- post-process machining
- precision machining
- primary machining
- prismatic machining
- radial machining
- random flexible machining
- rapid machining
- rear-end machining
- RH machining
- rotary machining
- rotary transfer machining
- rotational machining
- rough machining
- roughing machining
- screw machining
- sculpture machining
- sculptured-surface machining
- secondary machining
- semifinish machining
- semi-fourth axis machining
- semiunmanned machining
- series machining
- side machining
- simultaneous fourth-axis machining
- single setup machining
- single-cutter machining
- single-pass machining
- single-point machining
- six-face machining
- six-sided machining
- slideway machining
- solids-based machining
- spark discharge machining
- spark erosion machining
- standalone machining
- straight production machining
- strip machining
- surface intersection machining
- Swiss machining
- Swiss-style machining
- tandem machining
- tapeless machining
- tapered machining
- templet-controlled machining
- test machining
- thermochemical machining
- three-axis curve machining
- three-axis machining
- three-dimensional machining
- tombstone machining
- toolroom machining
- torque-controlled machining
- total machining
- tracer machining
- transfer machining
- transfer-line machining
- trial machining
- turned part machining
- turning machining
- two-and-half axis machining
- two-at-a-time machining
- two-pass machining
- ultrafast machining
- ultrahigh speed machining
- ultrasonic abrasive machining
- ultrasonic machining
- ultrasonically assisted machining
- unattended machining
- unattended multiple-workpiece machining
- unmanned machining overnight
- unmanned machining
- unstable machining
- untended machining
- vertical machining
- vertical mode machining
- vibroabrasive machining
- waterjet machining
- waterjet-assisted machining
- wire electric discharge machining
- wire erosion machining
- wire machiningEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > machining
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9 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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